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local portion

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    local portion ACC, IMP/EXP Anteil m der lokalen Kosten (der Anteil des Vertragspreises, der den Verbindlichkeiten entspricht, die der Unternehmer für die Bezahlung seiner Angestellten oder Dritter oder der Lieferungen an Ort und Stelle einzugehen beabsichtigt)

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  • 2 local grade portion

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > local grade portion

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 manage

    1. transitive verb
    1) (handle, wield) handhaben [Werkzeug, Segel, Boot]; bedienen [Schaltbrett]
    2) (conduct, organize) durchführen [Operation, Unternehmen]; erledigen [Angelegenheit]; verwalten [Geld, Grundstück]; leiten [Geschäft, Büro]; führen [Haushalt]
    3) (Sport etc.): (be manager of) managen, betreuen [Team, Mannschaft]
    4) (cope with) schaffen

    I couldn't manage another apple(coll.) noch einen Apfel schaffe ich nicht

    5) (succeed in achieving) zustandebringen [Lächeln]

    manage to do something(also iron.) es fertig bringen, etwas zu tun

    he managed to do it — es gelang ihm, es zu tun

    2. intransitive verb

    manage onzurecht- od. auskommen mit [Geld, Einkommen]

    can you manage? — geht's?; geht es?

    * * *
    ['mæni‹]
    1) (to be in control or charge of: My lawyer manages all my legal affairs / money.) verwalten
    2) (to be manager of: James manages the local football team.) leiten
    3) (to deal with, or control: She's good at managing people.) umgehen mit
    4) (to be able to do something; to succeed or cope: Will you manage to repair your bicycle?; Can you manage (to eat) some more meat?) zustande bringen
    - academic.ru/44922/manageable">manageable
    - manageability
    - management
    - manager
    * * *
    man·age
    [ˈmænɪʤ]
    I. vt
    1. (run)
    to \manage sth etw leiten; (lead)
    to \manage sb jdn führen
    a director needs to be good at managing people als Direktor sollte man über gute Personalführungskenntnisse verfügen
    2.
    to \manage sth (control) etw steuern; (administer) etw verwalten; (organize) etw organisieren
    some people think television \manages the news instead of just reporting it manche Leute glauben, dass das Fernsehen die Nachrichten manipuliert, anstatt nur zu berichten
    to \manage a currency eine Währung steuern
    \managed float FIN kontrolliertes Floaten fachspr
    \managed fund FIN Investmentfonds m (mit Umschichtung des Wertpapierbestandes)
    to \manage money Geld verwalten
    to \manage property Immobilienbesitz verwalten
    to \manage one's time/resources sich dat seine Zeit/Ressourcen richtig einteilen
    3. (promote)
    to \manage sb jdn managen
    to \manage a pop group/team eine Popgruppe/Mannschaft managen
    4.
    to \manage sth (accomplish) etw schaffen
    don't worry, we'll \manage it somehow mach dir keine Sorgen, das schaffen wir schon irgendwie
    can you \manage 8 o'clock? ginge es um 8 Uhr?
    somehow he finally \managed to calm down irgendwie gelang es ihm dann doch noch, sich zu beruhigen
    only he could \manage to be so dumb! so dumm kann wirklich nur er sein!
    you \managed it very well das hast du sehr gut gemacht
    to \manage sth with ease/difficulty etw mit Leichtigkeit/Schwierigkeiten bewältigen
    to \manage a distance/task eine Entfernung/eine Aufgabe bewältigen
    how can you expect the children to \manage a six mile walk? wie bitte sollen die Kinder einen zehn Kilometer Marsch bewältigen?
    to \manage a smile ein Lächeln zustande bringen
    to \manage [to eat] sth etw bewältigen [o schaffen]
    I couldn't \manage [to eat] such a big portion eine derart große Portion kann ich unmöglich bewältigen [o schaffe ich unmöglich]
    can you \manage another piece of lasagne? schaffst du noch ein Stück Lasagne?
    to \manage [to pay] sth etw aufbringen können
    she can't \manage more than $350 per month rent sie kann sich nicht mehr als 350 Dollar Miete pro Monat leisten
    to \manage sb mit jdm zurechtkommen [o fam fertigwerden]
    to \manage sth mit etw dat zurechtkommen [o umgehen können
    to \manage sth etw handhaben; (operate) etw bedienen
    II. vi
    1. (succeed) es schaffen; (cope, survive) zurechtkommen
    can you \manage? — thank you, I can \manage geht's? — danke, es geht schon
    I can't \manage on my own ich schaffe es nicht allein
    we'll \manage! wir schaffen das schon!
    how can you \manage without a car? wie kommst du ohne Auto zurecht?
    I just about \manage with my salary ich komme mit meinem Gehalt gerade mal so zurecht
    2. (get by)
    to \manage on/without sth mit etw dat /ohne etw akk auskommen
    if you give up your job, we'll have to \manage on my salary wenn du deinen Job aufgibst, müssen wir mit meinem Gehalt auskommen
    * * *
    ['mnɪdZ]
    1. vt
    1) company, organization, economy leiten; property verwalten; affairs in Ordnung halten, regeln; time, money, resources einteilen; football team, pop group managen
    2) (= handle, control) person, child, animal zurechtkommen mit, fertig werden mit; car, ship zurechtkommen mit, handhaben

    I can manage himmit dem werde ich schon fertig

    3) task bewältigen, zurechtkommen mit; another portion bewältigen, schaffen

    £50/two hours is the most I can manage — ich kann mir höchstens £ 50 leisten/zwei Stunden erlauben

    I'll do that as soon as I can manage it — ich mache das, sobald ich kann or sobald ich es schaffe

    thanks, I can manage them — danke, das geht schon

    can you manage 8 o'clock? — 8 Uhr, ginge or geht das?

    could you manage (to be ready by) 8 o'clock? — kannst du um 8 Uhr fertig sein?

    can you manage another cup? —

    I think I could manage another piece of cake — ich glaube, ich könnte noch ein Stück Kuchen vertragen

    4)

    to manage to do sth — es schaffen, etw zu tun

    we have managed to reduce our costs — es ist uns gelungen, die Kosten zu senken

    do you think you'll manage to do it? — meinen Sie, Sie können or schaffen das?

    I hope you'll manage to come —

    how did you manage to get a salary increase? — wie hast du es geschafft or angestellt, eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bekommen?

    he managed to control himself — es gelang ihm, sich zu beherrschen

    he managed not to get his feet wet — es ist ihm gelungen, keine nassen Füße zu bekommen

    could you possibly manage to close the door? (iro) — wäre es vielleicht möglich, die Tür zuzumachen?

    2. vi
    zurechtkommen, es schaffen

    thanks, I can manage — danke, es geht schon or ich komme schon zurecht

    I thought I could cope with things, but I can't manage — ich dachte, ich käme zurecht, aber ich schaffe es nicht or ich bringe es nicht fertig

    to manage without sth — ohne etw auskommen, sich (dat) ohne etw behelfen

    we'll just have to manage withoutdann müssen wir uns (dat) eben so behelfen, dann müssen wir eben so auskommen

    how do you manage on £20 a week? — wie kommen Sie mit £ 20 pro Woche aus?

    * * *
    manage [ˈmænıdʒ]
    A v/t
    1. eine Sache führen, verwalten:
    manage one’s own affairs seine eigenen Angelegenheiten erledigen
    2. einen Betrieb etc leiten, führen, vorstehen (dat)
    3. ein Gut etc bewirtschaften
    4. einen Künstler, Sportler etc managen
    5. etwas zustande bringen, bewerkstelligen:
    they could only manage a 0-0 draw SPORT sie kamen über ein 0:0 nicht hinaus
    6. es fertigbringen ( to do zu tun):
    he managed to see the general himself es gelang ihm, den General selbst zu sprechen
    7. deichseln, einfädeln, managen (alle umg):
    manage matters die Sache deichseln
    8. umg
    a) eine Arbeit, auch ein Essen etc bewältigen, schaffen:
    I couldn’t manage another thing ich bringe nichts mehr runter
    b) I could manage a drink ich könnte einen Drink brauchen oder vertragen
    9. umgehen (können) mit:
    a) ein Werkzeug etc handhaben, eine Maschine etc bedienen
    b) mit jemandem umzugehen oder jemanden zu behandeln oder zu nehmen wissen
    c) mit jemandem, etwas fertig werden:
    I can manage him ich werde schon mit ihm fertig;
    can you manage the heavy bag? kommst du mit der schweren Tasche zurecht?
    d) jemanden herumkriegen umg
    10. ein Fahrzeug etc lenken (auch fig)
    11. ein Pferd dressieren, zureiten
    12. Land bearbeiten
    13. umg (durch Schwierigkeiten) (hin)durchbringen, -lavieren
    14. obs haushalten mit
    B v/i
    1. wirtschaften
    2. das Geschäft oder den Betrieb etc führen
    3. auskommen, sich behelfen ( beide:
    with mit;
    without ohne):
    I think I can manage without him ich glaube, ich kann auf ihn verzichten;
    can you manage without your dictionary for an hour? kannst du dein Wörterbuch eine Stunde entbehren?;
    they manage on very little money sie kommen mit sehr wenig Geld aus
    4. umg
    a) es schaffen, durchkommen, zurechtkommen, zu Rande kommen
    b) es einrichten oder ermöglichen: can you come this evening? I’m afraid, I can’t manage es geht leider nicht oder es ist mir leider nicht möglich
    C s obs
    1. Reitschule f, Manege f
    2. a) Dressur f (von Pferden)
    b) Dressurübungen pl
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (handle, wield) handhaben [Werkzeug, Segel, Boot]; bedienen [Schaltbrett]
    2) (conduct, organize) durchführen [Operation, Unternehmen]; erledigen [Angelegenheit]; verwalten [Geld, Grundstück]; leiten [Geschäft, Büro]; führen [Haushalt]
    3) (Sport etc.): (be manager of) managen, betreuen [Team, Mannschaft]
    4) (cope with) schaffen

    I couldn't manage another apple(coll.) noch einen Apfel schaffe ich nicht

    5) (succeed in achieving) zustandebringen [Lächeln]

    manage to do something(also iron.) es fertig bringen, etwas zu tun

    he managed to do it — es gelang ihm, es zu tun

    2. intransitive verb

    manage onzurecht- od. auskommen mit [Geld, Einkommen]

    can you manage? — geht's?; geht es?

    * * *
    v.
    besorgen v.
    bewerkstelligen v.
    erledigen v.
    handhaben v.
    leiten v.
    verwalten v.

    English-german dictionary > manage

  • 5 parcel

    ˈpɑ:sl
    1. сущ.
    1) а) часть (только в сочетаниях) part and parcel б) уст. небольшая сумма денег Syn: portion, item, instalment
    2) участок земли These small parcels of land were purchased by local people. ≈ Эти маленькие земельные участки куплены местными жителями.
    3) а) относительно бесформенный предмет для хранения чего-л., напр., пакет, сверток, тюк, узел, мешок parcels of food and clothing ≈ сверток с едой и одеждой Syn: package, bundle б) посылка, бандероль( почтовая) to address parcel ≈ адресовать посылку to deliver a parcel ≈ доставлять посылку to get, receive a parcel ≈ получать посылку to mail a parcel амер., to post a parcel, to send a parcel ≈ посылать, отправлять посылку to open, unwrap a parcel ≈ открывать, распаковывать посылку to wrap a parcel ≈ запаковывать посылку - UPS в) партия товара, лот Syn: lot
    4) а) сл. группа, кучка, сборище, сброд, стая, стадо, шайка parcel of scamps Syn: group, lot, set, drove, flock, herd б) куча, масса She would be acquiring a run-down house and a parcel of financial worries. ≈ Она приобретет захудалый домишко и кучу финансовых забот. в) сл. огромная сумма денег( полученная или проигранная)
    2. нареч.;
    уст. отчасти, частично, частью, наполовину He was a jester and a parcel poet. ≈ Он был шут и немного поэт. parcel gilt parcel blind parcel drunk Syn: partly, partially
    3. гл.
    1) а) делить, разделять на части, членить, дробить Syn: divide, distribute б) рассылать, распределять частями, по частям
    2) заворачивать во что-л., паковать Can you parcel up these urgent papers? ≈ Ты не мог бы упаковать эти срочные бумаги? Syn: bundle up
    1), wrap
    2.
    1)
    3) мор. обшивать снасти клетневиной (просмоленной старой парусиной) ∙ parcel out пакет, сверток;
    пачка, связка - broun-paper * сверток в оберточной бумаге - a * of shares( биржевое) пакет акций - to make a * сделать пакет - to roll up a * свернуть кулек - to undo a * открыть сверток - to make things into a * сделать сверток из вещей посылка, бандероль - * van почтовый вагон - to forward smb. a * направить кому-либо бандероль или посылку - he got a * from his parents он получил посылку от своих родителей (пренебрежительное) группа, кучка - a * of scamps шайка негодяев - I'm not going to be lectured by a * of young girls я не желаю, чтобы какие-то девчонки читали мне наставления куча, масса - a * of lies сплошная ложь - a * of rubbish полная чушь партия товара, мелкая партия груза участок (земли) (разговорное) сумма денег (выигранная или проигранная) - to drop a * over a race проиграть деньги на скачках (устаревшее) часть (морское) парсель > part and * составная, неотемлемая часть делить на части, дробить (тж. * out) - to * out the land into 10 divisions разделить землю на 10 участков наделять (кого-либо, чем-либо), распределять - to * out the land to peasants распределять землю среди крестьян завертывать в пакет;
    делать пакет, сверток, кулек (морское) класть клетневину (устаревшее) частично - * blind полуслепой - * drunk полупьяный airmail ~ посылка, отправленная авиапочтой express ~ срочная посылка main ~ основная партия товара money ~ денежная посылка parcel группа, кучка;
    a parcel of scamps шайка негодяев ~ делить на части, дробить (обыкн. parcel out) ~ доля, часть ~ завертывать в пакет ~ мор. класть клетневину ~ мелкая партия груза ~ небольшой участок земли ~ пакет, сверток;
    тюк, узел ~ пакет ~ партия (товара) ~ партия товара ~ парцель( часть пароходного груза) ~ пачка ~ посылка ~ сверток ~ участок (земли) ~ уст. частично;
    parcel gilt позолоченный только изнутри( о посуде) ;
    parcel blind полуслепой;
    parcel drunk полупьяный ~ уст. часть;
    part and parcel неотъемлемая часть ~ уст. частично;
    parcel gilt позолоченный только изнутри (о посуде) ;
    parcel blind полуслепой;
    parcel drunk полупьяный ~ уст. частично;
    parcel gilt позолоченный только изнутри (о посуде) ;
    parcel blind полуслепой;
    parcel drunk полупьяный ~ уст. частично;
    parcel gilt позолоченный только изнутри (о посуде) ;
    parcel blind полуслепой;
    parcel drunk полупьяный ~ of land небольшой участок земли ~ of land with direct access to public right of way земельный участок с прямым доступом к полосе отчуждения parcel группа, кучка;
    a parcel of scamps шайка негодяев ~ уст. часть;
    part and parcel неотъемлемая часть postal ~ почтовая посылка railway ~ посылка, доставляемая по железной дороге small ~ бандероль

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > parcel

  • 6 security

    сущ.
    1)
    а) общ. безопасность

    to ensure [to provide\] security — обеспечивать безопасность

    See:
    б) общ. защита, охрана (от чего-л.); гарантия, гарантированность

    job security — гарантия занятости, гарантированность сохранения рабочего места

    в) пол. органы [служба\] безопасности
    See:
    2) фин. обеспечение, залог (имущество, используемое в качестве гарантии при кредитовании)

    against security — под обеспечение, под гарантию

    The loan is given against security of the fixed deposit. — Заем предоставлен под обеспечение срочным депозитом.

    A company borrows money against security. — Компания занимает деньги под обеспечение.

    Syn:
    See:
    а) фин., обычно мн. ценная бумага (документ, который закрепляет право владения или отношения займа, может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования; в американском законодательстве трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

    The Company also issued $39 million of variable and fixed rate Pollution Control Securities in 1994.

    ATTRIBUTES [time\]: term, perpetual 3), dated

    Liquidations from such a pool would require the manager to liquidate longer securities which are much more volatile.

    Only the insurance companies and funds have preference for the longer-dated securities.

    The Portfolio Manager is now investing some of the District’s portfolio in longer-term securities.

    The government could persuade lenders to take up only about 60% of US$1.2 billion in six-month securities on offer.

    Two- and 3-year securities have a minimum of $3 billion.

    ATTRIBUTES [rights\]: alternate 2) б), antidilutive, assented, asset-backed, auction rate, backed, callable, closed-end mortgage, collateralized, collateral trust, combination 3) в), companion, consolidated mortgage, convertible 2) а), debenture 2) а), definitive, double-barreled 3) а), endorsed, exchange, exchangeable, extendible, federal home loan bank, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, first mortgage, general obligation, guaranteed 2) а), general mortgage home loan, insured, interchangeable, irredeemable 2) а), junior 2) б), junior lien, moral obligation, mortgage 3. 3) а), mortgage-backed, non-assented, noncallable, non-participating, open-end mortgage, parity, participating 2) а), preferred 2) а), prior lien, profit-sharing, property 2) а), putable, real estate, redeemable 3) а), revenue 3. 1) а), second lien, second mortgage, secured, senior 2) б), senior lien, serial, series 2) б), subordinated, tax increment, tranche, unassented, unsecured, z-tranche

    This is a series of Frequently Asked Questions about other Special Purpose Securities handled by the Special Investments Branch.

    ATTRIBUTES [currency\]: dual currency, reverse-dual currency

    The Bank accepts as collateral Canadian dollar securities issued or guaranteed by the Government of Canada.

    But if you have an expectation of a weakening dollar, does it still make sense to invest in US dollar-denominated securities?

    The prepayment rate for mortgages backing Ginnie Mae's 13 percent securities was 47.3 percent.

    [high, higher, medium, low, lower\] coupon security — с [высоким, более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] купоном [доходом\]

    The State governments and their utilities had proposed issuing of low coupon securities for refinancing the SLR securities.

    high [higher, medium, low, lower\] income security — с высоким [более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] доходом

    You'd be prudent to select issues with short maturities that can later be replaced with higher-income securities as interest rates rise.

    high [higher, medium, low, lower\] yield security — с высокой [более высокой, средней, низкой, более низкой\] доходностью

    The higher yield securities with higher risk can form the portion that you are willing to gamble.

    What happens is that the company that is insured anticipates in advance and knows that low-coverage/high-premium securities will fetch lower prices.

    ATTRIBUTES [size\]: baby, penny

    Argentina will not be required to make an adjustment to the amounts previously paid to holders of the GDP-linked Securities for changes that may affect the economy.

    Proposals to create GDP-indexed securities are naturally supported by the arguments in this paper

    ATTRIBUTES [form\]: book-entry, certificated

    security market — фондовый рынок, рынок ценных бумаг

    ACTIONS [passive\]:

    to issue a security — выпускать [эмитировать\] ценную бумагу

    to place [underwrite\] a security — размещать ценную бумагу

    to earn $n on a security — получать доход в n долл. от ценной бумаги

    to list a security, to admit a security to a listing, to accept security for trading in a exchange — допускать ценную бумагу к торгам (на бирже), включать в листинг

    ACTIONS [active\]:

    a security closes at $n up[down\] m% — курс закрытия ценной бумаги составил $n, что на m% выше [ниже\] вчерашнего

    COMBS:

    security price — цена [курс\] ценной бумаги

    See:
    debt security, equity security, hybrid security, antidilutive securities, asset-backed securities, auction rate securities, baby securities, book-entry securities, certificated security, control securities, convertible securities, coupon security, dated security, deep discount security, discount securities, drop-lock security, equity-linked securities, fixed income security, foreign interest payment security, gross-paying securities, inflation-indexed security, interest-bearing securities, irredeemable securities, junior securities, letter security, listed securities, marketable securities, negotiable security, net-paying securities, non-convertible securities, participating securities, pay-in-kind securities, perpetual security, primary security, secondary security, unlisted securities, zero-coupon security, securities analyst, security analyst, securities broker, securities dealer, security dealer, securities market, security market, securities trader, International Securities Identification Number, financial market, principal, interest, issuer, Uniform Sale of Securities Act, Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Culp v. Mulvane, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.
    б) фин., обычно мн. (право владения или отношения займа, закрепленные в документе, который может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования)
    в) юр., амер. (трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)
    See:

    * * *
    безопасность, сохранность, ценная бумага, обеспечение, гарантия: 1) ценная бумага; свидетельство долга или собственности; сертификаты ценных бумаг, векселя; см. securities; 2) обеспечение: активы и др. собственность, которые могут быть использованы как обеспечение кредита или облигаций; в случае отказа заемщика от погашения кредита обеспечение может быть реализовано; = collateral security; 3) безопасность: процедуры, обеспечивающие безопасность банка, его активов и документации, включая физическую защиту, процедуры внутреннего аудита; 4) гарантия: гарантия выполнения обязательств другого лица, в т. ч. личная гарантия; = personal security.
    * * *
    Ценная бумага - документ/сертификат, являющийся свидетельством собственности на акции, облигации и другие инвестиционные инструменты
    . Безопасность - меры, предпринимаемые для обеспечения конфиденциальности передаваемой по линиям связи персональной информации о клиенте, совершаемых им операциях и т.п. . гарантия по ссуде; обеспечение кредита; обеспечение ссуды; обеспечение; ценная бумага; отдел охраны (банка, компании) Инвестиционная деятельность .
    * * *
    финансовые активы, включающие акции, правительственные облигации и ценные бумаги с государственной гарантией, облигации компании, сертификаты паевых фондов и документы, подтверждающие право собственности на предоставленные в ссуду или депонированные денежные средства; страховые полисы к таким активам не относятся

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > security

  • 7 help

    1. transitive verb
    1)

    help somebody [to do something] — jemandem helfen [, etwas zu tun]

    help oneselfsich (Dat.) selbst helfen

    can I help you?was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop also) was möchten Sie bitte?

    2) (serve)

    help oneselfsich (Dat.) nehmen; sich bedienen

    help oneself to somethingsich (Dat.) etwas nehmen; (coll.): (steal) etwas mitgehen lassen (ugs.)

    3) (avoid)

    if I/you can help it — wenn es irgend zu vermeiden ist

    not if I can help itnicht wenn ich es verhindern kann

    I can't help it(remedy) ich kann nichts dafür (ugs.)

    4) (refrain from)

    I can't help thinking or can't help but think that... — ich kann mir nicht helfen, ich glaube,...

    I can't help laughingich muss einfach lachen

    2. noun
    Hilfe, die

    be of [some]/no/much help to somebody — jemandem eine gewisse/keine/eine große Hilfe sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/34412/help_out">help out
    * * *
    [help] 1. verb
    1) (to do something with or for someone that he cannot do alone, or that he will find useful: Will you help me with this translation?; Will you please help me (to) translate this poem?; Can I help?; He fell down and I helped him up.) helfen
    2) (to play a part in something; to improve or advance: Bright posters will help to attract the public to the exhibition; Good exam results will help his chances of a job.) beitragen zu
    3) (to make less bad: An aspirin will help your headache.) lindern
    4) (to serve (a person) in a shop: Can I help you, sir?) etwas tun
    5) ((with can(not), could( not)) to be able not to do something or to prevent something: He looked so funny that I couldn't help laughing; Can I help it if it rains?) verhindern
    2. noun
    1) (the act of helping, or the result of this: Can you give me some help?; Your digging the garden was a big help; Can I be of help to you?) die Hilfe
    2) (someone or something that is useful: You're a great help to me.) die Hilfe
    3) (a servant, farmworker etc: She has hired a new help.) die (Aus-)Hilfe
    4) ((usually with no) a way of preventing something: Even if you don't want to do it, the decision has been made - there's no help for it now.) die Abhilfe
    - helper
    - helpful
    - helpfully
    - helpfulness
    - helping
    - helpless
    - helplessly
    - helplessness
    - help oneself
    - help out
    * * *
    [help]
    I. n
    1. no pl (assistance) Hilfe f; (financial) Unterstützung f
    do you need any \help with those boxes? soll ich dir mit diesen Kisten helfen?
    can I be of \help to you? kann ich Ihnen irgendwie helfen?
    the victims were beyond \help den Opfern war nicht mehr zu helfen
    this guy is beyond \help! dem Typ ist nicht mehr zu helfen!
    there's no \help for it, I'll have to call the police ich werde wohl doch die Polizei rufen müssen
    to cry [or go crying] for \help nach Hilfe schreien
    to give [or provide] \help Hilfe leisten
    to give \help to sb jdm helfen
    to run [or go running] for \help Hilfe suchen
    to be of \help to sth für etw akk hilfreich sein
    to be of \help to sb für jdn eine Stütze [o Hilfe] sein
    2. no pl (aid)
    to be a \help helfen
    a great \help you are! ( iron) eine tolle Hilfe bist du! iron
    to be a big \help with sth bei etw dat eine große Hilfe sein
    3. (employee) Aushilfe f, Hilfskraft f
    the \help + sing/pl vb das Personal
    home \help [Haushalts]hilfe f, Zugehfrau f bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR a. Bedienerin f
    to have [AM hired] \help come in eine Haushaltshilfe haben
    to be short of \help wenig Personal haben
    4. no pl COMPUT Hilfe[-Funktion] f
    II. interj
    \help! Hilfe!
    III. vi
    1. (assist) helfen ( with bei + dat)
    is there any way that I can \help? kann ich irgendwie behilflich sein?
    2. (alleviate) helfen; medicine also Abhilfe schaffen
    IV. vt
    to \help sb jdm helfen [o beistehen]
    \help me! Hilfe!
    God [or Heaven] \help us! der Himmel stehe uns bei!
    her local knowledge \helped her ihre Ortskenntnisse haben ihr genützt SÜDD [o NORDD genutzt]
    [how] can I \help you? was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop) kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein?
    nothing can \help her now ihr ist nicht mehr zu helfen
    I wonder if you could \help me vielleicht könnten Sie mir weiterhelfen
    so \help me God so wahr mir Gott helfe
    to \help sb down the stairs/into a taxi jdm die Treppe hinunterhelfen/in ein Taxi helfen
    to \help sb through their depression/a difficult time jdm über eine Depression/eine schwierige Zeit hinweghelfen
    to \help sb/sth [to] do sth jdm/etw dabei helfen, etw zu tun
    to \help sb with sth jdm bei etw dat helfen
    could you \help me with my coat? würden Sie mir in den Mantel helfen?
    to \help sth etw verbessern; (alleviate) etw lindern
    a little make-up would \help your appearance a lot mit ein bisschen Make-up würdest du viel besser aussehen
    to \help sth zu etw dat beitragen
    the drought has \helped to make this a disastrous year for Somalia die Dürre war auch ein Grund dafür, dass dies ein katastrophales Jahr für Somalia wurde
    I can't \help it [or myself] ich kann nicht anders
    stop giggling! — I can't \help it! hör auf zu kichern! — ich kann nichts dagegen machen!
    he can't \help his looks er kann nichts für sein Aussehen
    I can't \help thinking that... ich denke einfach, dass...
    she couldn't \help wondering whether... sie musste sich wirklich fragen, ob...
    I couldn't \help staring at the strange man ich musste den seltsamen Mann einfach anstarren
    not if I can \help it nicht wenn ich es irgendwie verhindern kann
    sth can't be \helped etw ist nicht zu ändern, etw ist halt so fam
    5. (take)
    to \help oneself sich akk bedienen
    please \help yourself bitte bedienen Sie sich
    he \helped himself from the sweets tray er nahm sich etwas aus der Bonbonschale
    to \help oneself to sth sich dat etw nehmen; thief sich akk an etw dat bedienen
    6. ( form: give)
    to \help sb to sth jdm etw reichen geh
    shall I \help you to more wine? darf ich Ihnen noch etwas Wein nachschenken? geh
    7.
    God \helps those who \help themselves ( prov) hilf dir selbst, dann hilft dir Gott prov
    V. adj attr, inv COMPUT (display, menu, text) Hilfe-
    * * *
    [help]
    1. n no pl
    Hilfe f; (= person with pl) Hilfe f

    his help with the project —

    to ask sb for helpjdn um Hilfe bitten

    to be of help to sb — jdm helfen; (person also) jdm behilflich sein; (thing also) jdm nützen

    there's no help for itda ist nichts zu machen

    2. vt
    1) helfen (+dat)

    to help sb (to) do sth — jdm (dabei) helfen, etw zu tun

    to help sb with the cooking/his bags — jdm beim Kochen/mit seinen Taschen helfen

    help! — Hilfe!, zu Hilfe!

    this will help the pain/your headache — das wird gegen die Schmerzen/gegen Ihr Kopfweh helfen

    God helps those who help themselves (Prov) — hilf dir selbst, so hilft dir Gott

    2)

    (with particle) to help sb down — jdm hinunterhelfen

    take some water to help the pill down — trinken Sie etwas Wasser, damit die Tablette besser rutscht

    to help sb on/off with his/her etc coat —

    he helped her out of the carer half ihr aus dem Auto

    to help sb through a difficult time (belief, hope, pills etc) — jdm in einer schwierigen Zeit durchhelfen; (person also) jdm in einer schwierigen Zeit beistehen

    I helped him in with his casesich half ihm mit seinem Gepäck

    3)

    she helped him to potatoes/meat — sie gab ihm Kartoffeln/Fleisch

    to help oneself to sthsich (dat) etw nehmen; ( inf

    help yourself! —

    4)

    (with can or cannot) he can't help it, he's only a baby — er kann nichts dafür, er ist doch noch ein Baby

    I can't help being clever — (ich kann nichts dafür,) ich bin nun mal ein Genie or so schlau (inf)

    not if I can help it — nicht, wenn es nach mir geht

    I couldn't help laughing — ich konnte mir nicht helfen, ich musste (einfach) lachen

    I had to do it, I couldn't help it or myself — ich konnte mir nicht helfen, ich musste es einfach tun

    I couldn't help thinking or but think... — ich konnte nicht umhin zu denken...

    one cannot help wondering whether... — man muss sich wirklich fragen, ob...

    it can't be helped — das lässt sich nicht ändern, das ist nun mal so

    I can't help it if he's always late — ich kann nichts dafür, dass er immer zu spät kommt

    3. vi
    helfen

    it helps (to) fight pollution — es trägt zur Bekämpfung der Umweltverschmutzung bei

    * * *
    help [help]
    A s
    1. (Mit)Hilfe f, Beistand m, Unterstützung f:
    help! Hilfe!;
    by ( oder with) the help of mit Hilfe von (od gen);
    he came to my help er kam mir zu Hilfe;
    it (she) is a great help es (sie) ist eine große Hilfe;
    not be (of) much help to sb jemandem keine große Hilfe sein;
    can I be of any help to you? kann ich Ihnen (irgendwie) helfen oder behilflich sein?
    2. Abhilfe f:
    there’s no help for it da kann man nichts machen, es lässt sich nicht ändern
    3. a) Angestellte(r) m/f(m), Arbeiter(in), besonders Hausangestellte(r), Landarbeiter(in)
    b) koll (Dienst)Personal n
    4. Hilfsmittel n
    5. Portion f (Essen) ( helping B 2)
    B v/t
    1. jemandem helfen oder beistehen, jemanden unterstützen:
    help sb (to) do sth jemandem helfen, etwas zu tun;
    help me think denk doch (mal) mit!;
    we help you look for accommodation wir sind Ihnen bei der Suche nach Unterkunft behilflich;
    help sb in ( oder with) sth jemandem bei etwas helfen;
    help sb into their coat jemandem in den Mantel helfen;
    can I help you?
    a) werden Sie schon bedient?,
    b) kann ich Ihnen helfen oder behilflich sein?;
    help sb out of a difficulty jemandem aus einer Schwierigkeit (heraus)helfen;
    so help me (I did, will, etc)! Ehrenwort!; god 2, police A 2
    2. fördern, einer Sache nachhelfen, beitragen zu:
    help sb’s downfall;
    help solve a problem zur Lösung eines Problems beitragen
    3. lindern, helfen oder Abhilfe schaffen bei:
    a) jemandem zu etwas verhelfen,
    b) (besonders bei Tisch) jemandem etwas reichen oder geben;
    help o.s. sich bedienen (a. pej), zugreifen;
    help o.s. to
    a) sich bedienen mit, sich etwas nehmen,
    b) sich etwas aneignen oder nehmen (auch stehlen)
    5. ( mit can) (dat) abhelfen, ändern, verhindern, -meiden:
    a) ich kann es nicht ändern,
    b) ich kann nichts dafür;
    it cannot be helped da kann man nichts machen, es ist nicht zu ändern;
    if I can help it wenn ich es vermeiden kann;
    don’t be late if you can help it komm möglichst nicht zu spät!;
    how could I help it?
    a) was konnte ich dagegen tun?,
    b) was konnte ich dafür?;
    she can’t help her freckles für ihre Sommersprossen kann sie nichts;
    I could not help laughing ich musste einfach lachen;
    I cannot help feeling ich werde das Gefühl nicht los, ich kann mich des Eindrucks nicht erwehren ( beide:
    that dass);
    one can’t help liking him man muss ihn einfach gernhaben;
    I can’t help thinking that … ich werde den Gedanken nicht los, dass …;
    I can’t help wondering where ich frage mich ununterbrochen, wo …;
    a) ich kann nicht anders,
    b) ich kann es nicht lassen
    C v/i
    1. helfen, Hilfe leisten:
    every little helps jede Kleinigkeit hilft;
    nothing will help now jetzt hilft nichts mehr;
    help in the defence (US defense) SPORT in der Verteidigung aushelfen
    2. don’t be longer than you can help bleib nicht länger als nötig!
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1)

    help somebody [to do something] — jemandem helfen [, etwas zu tun]

    help oneselfsich (Dat.) selbst helfen

    can I help you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop also) was möchten Sie bitte?

    help oneselfsich (Dat.) nehmen; sich bedienen

    help oneself to somethingsich (Dat.) etwas nehmen; (coll.): (steal) etwas mitgehen lassen (ugs.)

    if I/you can help it — wenn es irgend zu vermeiden ist

    I can't help it (remedy) ich kann nichts dafür (ugs.)

    I can't help thinking or can't help but think that... — ich kann mir nicht helfen, ich glaube,...

    2. noun
    Hilfe, die

    be of [some]/no/much help to somebody — jemandem eine gewisse/keine/eine große Hilfe sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Hilfe -n f.
    Mithilfe -n f. v.
    helfen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: half, geholfen)

    English-german dictionary > help

  • 8 part

    1. noun
    1) Teil, der

    four-partvierteilig [Serie]

    the hottest part of the day — die heißesten Stunden des Tages

    for the most part — größtenteils; zum größten Teil

    in large part — groß[en]teils

    the funny part of it was that he... — das Komische daran war, dass er...

    it's [all] part of the fun/job — etc. das gehört [mit] dazu

    be or form part of something — zu etwas gehören

    2) (of machine or other apparatus) [Einzel]teil, das
    3) (share) Anteil, der
    4) (duty) Aufgabe, die

    do one's partseinen Teil od. das Seine tun

    5) (Theatre): (character, words) Rolle, die

    dress the part(fig.) die angemessene Kleidung tragen

    play a [great/considerable] part — (contribute) eine [wichtige] Rolle spielen

    6) (Mus.) Part, der; Partie, die; Stimme, die
    7) usu. in pl. (region) Gegend, die; (of continent, world) Teil, der
    8) (side) Partei, die

    take somebody's partjemandes od. für jemanden Partei ergreifen

    for my part — für mein[en] Teil

    on my/your etc. part — meiner-/deinerseits usw.

    9) pl. (abilities)

    a man of [many] parts — ein [vielseitig] begabter od. befähigter Mann

    10) (Ling.)

    part of speechWortart od. -klasse, die

    11)

    take [no] part [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] [nicht] beteiligen

    12)
    2. adverb 3. transitive verb
    1) (divide into parts) teilen; scheiteln [Haar]
    2) (separate) trennen
    4. intransitive verb
    [Menge:] eine Gasse bilden; [Wolken:] sich teilen; [Vorhang:] sich öffnen; [Seil, Tau, Kette:] reißen; [Lippen:] sich öffnen; [Wege, Personen:] sich trennen

    part from somebody/something — sich von jemandem/etwas trennen

    part withsich trennen von [Besitz, Geld]

    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (something which, together with other things, makes a whole; a piece: We spent part of the time at home and part at the seaside.) der Teil
    2) (an equal division: He divided the cake into three parts.) der Teil
    3) (a character in a play etc: She played the part of the queen.) die Rolle
    4) (the words, actions etc of a character in a play etc: He learned his part quickly.) die Rolle
    5) (in music, the notes to be played or sung by a particular instrument or voice: the violin part.) die Stimme
    6) (a person's share, responsibility etc in doing something: He played a great part in the government's decision.) die Rolle
    2. verb
    (to separate; to divide: They parted( from each other) at the gate.) sich trennen
    - academic.ru/53750/parting">parting
    - partly
    - part-time
    - in part
    - part company
    - part of speech
    - part with
    - take in good part
    - take someone's part
    - take part in
    * * *
    [pɑ:t, AM pɑ:rt]
    I. n
    1. (not the whole) Teil m
    \part of her problem is that... ein Teil ihres Problems besteht [o ihr Problem besteht teilweise] darin, dass...
    \part of my steak isn't cooked properly mein Steak ist teilweise [o zum Teil] nicht richtig durchgebraten
    \part of the family lives in Germany ein Teil der Familie lebt in Deutschland
    she's \part of the family sie gehört zur Familie
    it's all \part of growing up das gehört [alles] zum Erwachsenwerden dazu
    that was just the easy \part [of it]! das war der leichtere Teil [des Ganzen]!
    the easy/hard \part of it is that/to...... das Einfache/Schwierige daran [o dabei] ist, dass/zu...
    the hard \part of writing a course is to find the right level das Schwierige beim Entwickeln eines Kurses ist es, den richtigen Schwierigkeitsgrad zu wählen
    [a] \part of me wanted to give up, but... ein Teil von mir wollte aufgeben, aber...
    to spend the best [or better] \part of the day/week doing sth den größten Teil des Tages/der Woche damit verbringen, etw zu tun
    \part of speech Wortart f
    to be a constituent \part of sth Bestandteil m einer S. gen sein
    to be an essential [or important] [or integral] \part of sth ein wesentlicher Bestandteil einer S. gen sein
    the greater \part der Großteil
    the main [or major] \part der Hauptteil
    the remaining \part der Rest
    in \part teilweise, zum Teil
    payment in \part Abschlagszahlung f, Teil-/Ratenzahlung f SCHWEIZ
    in \parts teilweise
    the film was good in \parts der Film war phasenweise ganz gut
    in large \part zum großen Teil
    for the most \part zum größten Teil, größtenteils
    2. also TECH (component) Teil nt; of a machine Bauteil nt
    [spare] \parts Ersatzteile pl
    3. (unit) [An]teil m
    mix one \part of the medicine with three \parts water mischen Sie die Medizin mit Wasser im Verhältnis eins zu drei
    in equal \parts zu gleichen Teilen
    4. FILM, TV Teil m, Folge f
    5. ANAT
    body \part Körperteil m
    private \parts Geschlechtsteile pl
    soft \parts Weichteile pl
    6. usu pl GEOG Gegend f
    around [or in] these \parts ( fam) in dieser Gegend
    in our/your \part of the world bei uns/Ihnen
    in some \parts of the world in manchen Teilen der Welt
    in this \part of the world hierzulande
    7. THEAT ( also fig) Rolle f a. fig, Part m
    large/small \part ( also fig) wichtige/kleine Rolle a. fig
    leading/supporting \part Haupt-/Nebenrolle f
    to act [or play] a \part [in sth] eine Rolle [in etw dat] spielen
    to play an important \part in sth ( fig) bei etw dat eine wichtige Rolle spielen fig
    exams play a big \part in the school system Prüfungen spielen im Schulsystem eine große Rolle
    8. MUS Part m, Stimme f
    the piano \part die Klavierstimme
    in [or of] several \parts mehrstimmig
    9. no pl (involvement) Beteiligung f (in an + dat)
    to have a \part in sth an etw dat teilhaben
    to take \part in sth an etw dat teilnehmen; in an act, competition, also bei etw dat mitmachen fam
    to take \part in a discussion sich akk an einer Diskussion beteiligen
    to take \part in a game/lottery bei einem Spiel/einer Lotterie mitspielen [o fam mitmachen]
    to take \part in a stage play in einem Theaterstück mitwirken
    to take \part in local politics in der Lokalpolitik mitwirken [o aktiv sein]
    to want no \part in [or of] sth mit etw dat nichts zu tun haben wollen
    10. no pl (task) Pflicht f
    to do one's \part seine Pflicht [und Schuldigkeit] tun
    11. no pl (side)
    to take sb's \part sich akk auf jds Seite stellen
    on the \part of ( form) vonseiten form + gen
    , seitens form + gen
    it was a mistake on Julia's \part es war Julias Fehler
    on her/their \part ihrerseits
    on his/my/our \part seiner-/meiner-/unsererseits
    any questions on your \part? haben Sie ihrerseits/hast du deinerseits noch Fragen?
    12. AM (parting) Scheitel m
    13.
    to dress the \part sich akk entsprechend kleiden
    for my \part,... was mich betrifft,...
    for my \part, it doesn't matter whether he comes was mich betrifft, so ist es mir egal, ob er kommt, mir ist es für meinen Teil egal, ob er kommt
    for my \part, I think it's absolutely ridiculous! ich für meinen Teil halte es für absolut lächerlich!
    ... for her/his/your \part... ihrerseits/seinerseits/deinerseits
    I was stubborn, and they, for their \part, were not prepared to compromise ich war stur, und sie waren ihrerseits nicht kompromissbereit
    to be \part of the furniture selbstverständlich sein
    to look the \part entsprechend aussehen
    to be a man of many \parts vielseitig begabt sein
    to be \part and parcel of sth untrennbar mit etw dat verbunden sein, zu etw dat einfach dazugehören
    being recognized in the street is \part and parcel of being a famous actress eine berühmte Schauspielerin zu sein beinhaltet zwangsläufig [auch], dass man auf der Straße erkannt wird
    to take sth in good \part etw mit Humor nehmen
    II. adj attr teilweise, zum Teil
    she is \part African sie hat afrikanisches Blut [in sich]
    III. adv inv teils, teilweise
    the building consists \part of stone \part of wood das Gebäude besteht teils aus Stein, teils aus Holz
    IV. vi
    1. (separate) sich akk trennen
    to \part on good/bad terms im Guten/Bösen auseinandergehen
    2. (become separated) curtains, seams aufgehen; lips sich akk öffnen; paths sich akk trennen
    3. ( form: leave) [weg]gehen; (say goodbye) sich akk verabschieden
    4. ( euph: die) sterben
    my grandmother \parted from us last night meine Großmutter ist letzte Nacht von uns gegangen euph
    V. vt
    to \part sb/sth jdn/etw trennen
    he tried to \part the two quarrellers er versuchte, die zwei Streithähne [voneinander] zu trennen
    he's not easily \parted from his cash er trennt sich nur unschwer von seinem Geld
    ... till death do us \part ( liter)... bis dass der Tod uns scheide geh
    2. (keep separate)
    to \part sth from sth etw von etw dat trennen
    3. (comb)
    to \part one's/sb's hair [jdm/sich] einen Scheitel ziehen
    4.
    to \part company sich akk trennen
    * * *
    [pAːt]
    1. n
    1) (= portion, fragment) Teil m

    it's 3 parts gone —

    the stupid part of it is that... — das Dumme daran ist, dass...

    in part —

    the greater part of it/of the work is done — der größte Teil davon/der Arbeit ist fertig

    it is in large part finished/true — das ist zum großen Teil erledigt/wahr

    a part of the country/city I don't know — eine Gegend, die ich nicht kenne

    this is in great part due to... — das liegt größtenteils or vor allem an (+dat)...

    during the darkest part of the night —

    I lost part of the manuscript —

    the remaining part of our holidays —

    part of him wanted to call her, part of him wanted to forget about her — ein Teil von ihm wollte sie anrufen, ein anderer sie vergessen

    to be part and parcel of sthfester Bestandteil einer Sache (gen) sein

    it is part and parcel of the job —

    are transport costs included? – yes, they're all part and parcel of the scheme — sind die Transportkosten enthalten? – ja, es ist alles inbegriffen

    2) (MECH of kit etc) Teil nt
    3) (GRAM)
    4) (of series) Folge f; (of serial) Fortsetzung f; (of encyclopaedia etc) Lieferung f
    5) (= share, role) (An)teil m, Rolle f; (THEAT) Rolle f, Part m (geh)

    to take part in sthan etw (dat) teilnehmen, bei etw (dat) mitmachen, sich an etw (dat) beteiligen

    who is taking part? — wer macht mit?, wer ist dabei?

    he's taking part in the play —

    he looks the part (Theat) — die Rolle passt zu ihm; (fig) so sieht (d)er auch aus

    6) (MUS) Stimme f, Part m

    the soprano part — der Sopranpart, die Sopranstimme

    the piano part — der Klavierpart, die Klavierstimme

    7) pl (= region) Gegend f

    from all parts — überallher, von überall her

    in or around these parts — hier in der Gegend, in dieser Gegend

    in foreign parts —

    8) (= side) Seite f

    to take sb's partsich auf jds Seite (acc) stellen, für jdn Partei ergreifen

    for my part — was mich betrifft, meinerseits

    on the part ofvonseiten (+gen), von Seiten (+gen), seitens (+gen)

    9)
    10)
    11) (US in hair) Scheitel m
    12) pl (= male genitals) Geschlechtsteile pl
    2. adv
    teils, teilweise

    is it X or Y? – part one and part the other — ist es X oder Y? – teils (das eine), teils (das andere)

    it is part iron and part copper — es ist teils aus Eisen, teils aus Kupfer

    it was part eaten —

    he's part French, part Scottish and part Latvian — er ist teils Franzose, teils Schotte und teils Lette

    3. vt
    1) (= divide) teilen; hair scheiteln; curtain zur Seite schieben; legs aufmachen; lips öffnen;
    2) (= separate) trennen

    to part sb from sb/sth — jdn von jdm/etw trennen

    till death us do partbis dass der Tod uns scheidet

    to part company with sb/sth — sich von jdm/etw trennen; (in opinion) mit jdm nicht gleicher Meinung sein

    on that issue, I must part company with you — in dem Punkt gehen unsere Meinungen auseinander

    4. vi
    1) (= divide) sich teilen; (curtains) sich öffnen
    2) (= separate) (people) sich trennen; (things) sich lösen, abgehen

    we parted friendswir gingen als Freunde auseinander, wir schieden als Freunde (geh)

    * * *
    part [pɑː(r)t]
    A s
    1. Teil m/n, Bestandteil m, Stück n:
    be part and parcel of sth einen wesentlichen Bestandteil von etwas bilden;
    part of speech LING Wortart f;
    in part teilweise, zum Teil, auszugsweise, in gewissem Grade;
    part of the year (nur) während eines Teils des Jahres;
    for the better ( oder best) part of the year fast das ganze Jahr (hindurch), den größten Teil des Jahres, die meiste Zeit im Jahr;
    for the better ( oder best) part of two years (schon) fast zwei Jahre;
    that is (a) part of my life das gehört zu meinem Leben;
    payment in part Abschlagszahlung f;
    three-part dreiteilig
    2. PHYS (An)Teil m:
    part by volume (weight) Raumanteil (Gewichtsanteil);
    three parts of water drei Teile Wasser
    3. MATH Bruchteil m:
    three parts drei Viertel
    4. TECH
    a) (Bau-, Einzel)Teil n:
    parts list Ersatzteil-, Stückliste f
    b) Ersatzteil n
    5. Anteil m:
    take part (in) teilnehmen oder sich beteiligen (an dat), mitmachen (bei);
    have a part in sth an etwas teilhaben;
    have neither part nor lot in sth nicht das Geringste mit einer Sache zu tun haben;
    he wanted no part of the proposal er wollte von dem Vorschlag nichts wissen
    6. (Körper) Teil m, Glied n:
    soft parts Weichteile;
    the parts die Geschlechtsteile
    7. Buchhandel: Lieferung f:
    the book appears in parts das Werk erscheint in Lieferungen
    8. fig Teil m/n, Seite f:
    the most part die Mehrheit, das Meiste (von etwas);
    for my part ich für mein(en) Teil;
    a) in den meisten Fällen, meistenteils,
    b) größtenteils, zum größten Teil;
    on the part of vonseiten, seitens (gen);
    on my part von meiner Seite, von mir;
    take sth in good part etwas nicht übel nehmen
    9. Seite f, Partei f:
    he took my part, he took part with me er ergriff meine Partei
    10. Pflicht f:
    do one’s part das Seinige oder seine Schuldigkeit tun;
    it is not my part to do this es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, das zu tun
    11. THEAT etc
    a) auch fig Rolle f:
    act ( oder play) a part eine Rolle spielen (in bei);
    the Government’s part in the strike die Rolle, die die Regierung bei dem Streik spielte;
    he’s just acting a part er tut nur so, er schauspielert nur; dress B 1
    b) Rollenbuch n
    12. MUS (Sing- oder Instrumental-)Stimme f, Partie f:
    sing in parts mehrstimmig singen;
    for ( oder in, of) several parts mehrstimmig;
    three-part dreistimmig, für drei Stimmen
    13. pl (geistige) Fähigkeiten pl, Talent n:
    he is a man of (many) parts er ist ein fähiger Kopf, er ist vielseitig begabt
    14. Gegend f, Teil m (eines Landes, der Erde):
    in these parts hier(zulande);
    she’s not from these parts sie stammt nicht von hier oder aus dieser Gegend;
    in foreign parts im Ausland
    15. US (Haar)Scheitel m
    B v/t
    1. a) (ab-, ein-, zer)teilen: company A 1
    b) einen Vorhang aufziehen
    2. Familien, Kämpfende etc trennen:
    he’s not easily parted from his money er trennt sich nur ungern von seinem Geld
    3. Metalle scheiden
    4. das Haar scheiteln
    C v/i
    1. a) sich lösen, abgehen (Knopf etc), aufgehen (Naht etc)
    b) aufgehen (Vorhang)
    2. SCHIFF brechen (Ankerkette, Tau):
    part from the anchor den Anker verlieren
    3. auseinandergehen, sich trennen:
    part (as) friends in Freundschaft auseinandergehen
    4. part with etwas aufgeben, sich von jemandem od etwas trennen:
    part with money umg Geld herausrücken oder lockermachen
    5. euph verscheiden, sterben
    D adj Teil…:
    part damage Teilschaden m;
    part delivery WIRTSCH Teillieferung f
    E adv teilweise, zum Teil:
    made part of iron, part of wood teils aus Eisen, teils aus Holz (bestehend);
    part truth zum Teil wahr;
    part-done zum Teil erledigt;
    part-finished halb fertig
    p. abk
    1. page S.
    2. part T.
    3. LING participle Part.
    4. past
    5. Br penny, pence
    6. per
    7. post, after
    pt abk
    1. part T.
    3. pint ( pints pl)
    5. port
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Teil, der

    four-partvierteilig [Serie]

    for the most part — größtenteils; zum größten Teil

    in large part — groß[en]teils

    the funny part of it was that he... — das Komische daran war, dass er...

    it's [all] part of the fun/job — etc. das gehört [mit] dazu

    be or form part of something — zu etwas gehören

    2) (of machine or other apparatus) [Einzel]teil, das
    3) (share) Anteil, der
    4) (duty) Aufgabe, die

    do one's partseinen Teil od. das Seine tun

    5) (Theatre): (character, words) Rolle, die

    dress the part(fig.) die angemessene Kleidung tragen

    play a [great/considerable] part — (contribute) eine [wichtige] Rolle spielen

    6) (Mus.) Part, der; Partie, die; Stimme, die
    7) usu. in pl. (region) Gegend, die; (of continent, world) Teil, der
    8) (side) Partei, die

    take somebody's partjemandes od. für jemanden Partei ergreifen

    for my part — für mein[en] Teil

    on my/your etc. part — meiner-/deinerseits usw.

    9) pl. (abilities)

    a man of [many] parts — ein [vielseitig] begabter od. befähigter Mann

    10) (Ling.)

    part of speechWortart od. -klasse, die

    11)

    take [no] part [in something] — sich [an etwas (Dat.)] [nicht] beteiligen

    12)
    2. adverb 3. transitive verb
    1) (divide into parts) teilen; scheiteln [Haar]
    2) (separate) trennen
    4. intransitive verb
    [Menge:] eine Gasse bilden; [Wolken:] sich teilen; [Vorhang:] sich öffnen; [Seil, Tau, Kette:] reißen; [Lippen:] sich öffnen; [Wege, Personen:] sich trennen

    part from somebody/something — sich von jemandem/etwas trennen

    part withsich trennen von [Besitz, Geld]

    * * *
    (hair) n.
    Scheitel - m. adj.
    teils adj. n.
    Anteil -e m.
    Rolle -n f.
    Teil m.,n. (with) v.
    sich trennen (von) v. v.
    lösen v.
    trennen v.

    English-german dictionary > part

  • 9 half

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > half

  • 10 have smb. in one's pocket

    (have (got) smb. in one's pocket)
    держать кого-л. в руках, заставить кого-л. беспрекословно исполнять свои желания

    You've no idea how important Bigsby is. He's got the whole factory administration in his pocket! (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Citadel’, book III, ch. 2) — Вы понятия не имеете, каким влиянием пользуется Бигсби. Все управление заводами у него в руках.

    His main interests were oil and steel, with heavy compensations from coal and rail stock coming steadily in. He seemed to have the country, or a fair portion of it, well in his pocket. (J. Lindsay, ‘A Local Habitation’, ch. 21) — Основные капиталы сэра Уильяма были вложены в сталелитейную и нефтяную промышленность, кроме того, он получал солидные дивиденды с угольных и железнодорожных акций: в общем, Англия, если не полностью, то в значительной части, лежала у него в кармане.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > have smb. in one's pocket

  • 11 Cotton (India)

    " Hinganghat " or " Bant " cotton is probably the finest class of cotton grown in India, having a staple of fully 1-in. in length, and being fine and somewhat silky. This particular variety is rarely exported, being used mostly by Indian spinners for their better class yarns. The Indian cottonsof the Liverpool market are divided into three groups: Surats, Bengal and Madras Surats - Surat is a small port in the Bombay Presidency, from which a large quantity of this cotton was formerly exported. The cottons of the Surat group constitute by far the largest portion of the Indian crop They are: Surtee - This is one of the best of the Surat cottons, and has a staple of 7/8-in. to 1-in. in length Broach is a good white cotton of 7/8 in staple, with a good ginning percentage Dharwar is an acclimatised American cotton of 5/8-in. to 3/4-in staple. It has a nice colour, but is not very strong Dhollera is a cotton similar to Broach, grown in the Ahmedabad district of Bombay, and is much used in the local mills Oomra, or Oomrawuttee comprises a small group of cottons of various qualities, grown in the Central Provinces and Berar Khandeish is an Oomras cotton of a medium length. The Deccan grows a mixed Khandeish cotton of an inferior quality Comptah is a cotton descended from Broach and has a staple of 3/4-in to 3/8-in. Bagalkote is a North Bombay cotton Scinde - The native variety is the poorest of the Surat cottons. It has a very short staple, and is dirty. Recently, however, cotton from Egyptian and American seed has been grown, and shows fairly good results. Bengal - Bengal cottons are short and dirty, and of a quality similar to Scinde. They average about 5/8-in staple, and are only suitable for the coarsest counts Madras - The Madras cottons are: Tinne velly, Westerns, Northerns, and Coconada Tinnevelly is the best and is one of the few Indian cottons which may be suitably mixed with American. It is very white in colour, clean and strong. A fair quantity is imported into England. Westerns is a poorer variety than Tinnevelly, being dull and harsh and not so clean, but it has a fairly long staple. Northerns is a better cotton than Westerns, being softer and silkier, though not so white. Coconada, or Red Coconada, as it is sometimes called, is a highly-coloured cotton, with a moderate staple. Cambodia (or "Tinnevelly American") is a new Madras cotton, which is very similar to Uplands American, with a fine, strong fibre of about 1-in. staple. This cotton has been a great success, and probably has a good future before it.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cotton (India)

  • 12 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 13 quarter

    quarter ['kwɔ:tə(r)]
    a quarter hour/century/pound un quart d'heure/de siècle/de livre
    (a) (divide into four) diviser en quatre; (beef etc) diviser par quartiers, équarrir;
    to quarter a cake couper un gâteau en quatre parts égales
    (b) (divide by four) diviser par quatre;
    prices have been quartered les prix ont été divisés par quatre
    (c) (lodge) loger; Military cantonner;
    the troops are quartered in the town les soldats sont logés en ville
    (d) History (dismember) écarteler
    3 noun
    (a) (one fourth) quart m; (portion → of apple, circle, century etc) quart m; (→ of orange, moon) quartier m;
    during the first quarter of the century au cours du premier quart de ce siècle;
    a quarter of a century/of an hour un quart de siècle/d'heure;
    a quarter century un quart de siècle;
    a ton and a quarter, one and a quarter tons une tonne un quart;
    he ate a quarter/three quarters of the cake il a mangé le quart/les trois quarts du gâteau;
    it's a quarter/three quarters empty c'est au quart/aux trois quarts vide;
    we've only done (a) quarter of the work nous n'avons fait que le quart du travail
    British (a) quarter to six, American (a) quarter of six six heures moins le quart;
    British (a) quarter past six, American (a) quarter after six six heures et quart;
    it's a quarter past il est le quart
    (c) (three-month period) trimestre m;
    published every quarter publié tous les trimestres ou tous les trois mois;
    to be paid by the quarter être payé par trimestre;
    profits were up during the last quarter les bénéfices ont augmenté au cours du dernier trimestre
    (d) (US and Canadian money) (pièce f de) vingt-cinq cents mpl
    (e) (unit of weight → quarter of hundredweight) = 12 kg; (→ quarter pound) = 113 g
    the wind is in the port/starboard quarter le vent souffle par la hanche de bâbord/tribord
    the decision has been criticized in certain quarters la décision a été critiquée dans certains milieux;
    in well-informed quarters dans les milieux bien informés;
    offers of help poured in from all quarters des offres d'aide affluèrent de tous côtés
    (h) (part of town) quartier m;
    the residential quarter le quartier résidentiel
    (i) (phase of moon) quartier m;
    the moon is in the first/last quarter la lune est dans le premier/dernier quartier
    (j) Sport (period of play) quart-temps m inv
    (l) (usu neg) literary (mercy) quartier m;
    they gave no quarter ils ne firent pas de quartier;
    there was no quarter given or asked on ne fit pas de quartier
    (accommodation) domicile m, résidence f; Military quartiers mpl, cantonnement m, logement m;
    the servants' quarters les appartements mpl des domestiques;
    married quarters logement m pour couples mariés;
    she took up quarters in central London elle a élu domicile ou s'est installée dans le centre de Londres;
    many families live in very cramped quarters de nombreuses familles vivent dans des conditions de surpeuplement
    ►► quarter binding (in bookbinding) demi-reliure f;
    British Finance quarter day (jour m du) terme m;
    American Music quarter note noire f;
    Law quarter sessions (in England and Wales) cour f d'assises (remplacée en 1972 par la "Crown Court"); (in US) = dans certains États, tribunal local à compétence criminelle, pouvant avoir des fonctions administratives;
    Music quarter tone quart m de ton

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > quarter

  • 14 flight

    flight n
    полет
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    accelerated flight
    полет с ускорением
    acceptance flight
    приемно-сдаточный полет
    accident-free flight
    безаварийный полет
    acrobatic flight
    фигурный полет
    actual flight conditions
    реальные условия полета
    actual flight path
    фактическая траектория полета
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    advance flight plan
    предварительная заявка на полет
    advertizing flight
    рекламный полет
    aerial survey flight
    полет для выполнения наблюдений с воздуха
    aerial work flight
    полет для выполнения работ
    aerobatic flight
    высший пилотаж
    aerodrome flight information service
    аэродромная служба полетной информации
    aerotow flight
    полет на буксире
    affect flight operation
    способствовать выполнению полета
    aircraft flight report
    полетный лист воздушного судна
    aircraft on flight
    воздушное судно в полете
    air-filed flight plan
    план полета, переданный с борта
    all-freight flight
    чисто грузовой рейс
    all-weather flight
    всепогодный полет
    alternate flight plan
    запасной план полета
    altitude flight
    высотный полет
    approach flight reference point
    контрольная точка траектории захода на посадку
    approach flight track distance
    дистанция при заходе на посадку
    approved flight plan
    утвержденный план полета
    approved flight procedure
    установленный порядок выполнения полета
    arbitrary flight course
    произвольный курс подготовки
    area flight control
    районный диспетчерский пункт управления полетами
    around-the-world flight
    кругосветный полет
    arrival flight level
    эшелон входа
    arrow flight stability
    устойчивость на траектории полета
    assigned flight path
    заданная траектория полета
    asymmetric flight
    полет с несимметричной тягой двигателей
    attitude flight control
    управление пространственным положением
    autocontrolled flight
    полет на автопилоте
    automatic flight
    автоматический полет
    automatic flight control
    автоматическое управление полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    autorotational flight
    полет на режиме авторотации
    back-to-back flight
    полет в обоих направлениях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    banked flight
    полет с креном
    basic flight reference
    заданный режим полета
    be experienced in flight
    иметь место в полете
    beyond flight experience
    без достаточного опыта выполнения полетов
    blind flight
    полет по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blocked-off flight
    блок-чартерный рейс
    border-crossing flight
    полет с пересечением границ
    border flight clearance
    разрешение на пролет границы
    box-pattern flight
    полет по коробочке
    bumpy-air flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    business flight
    деловой полет
    calibration flight
    калибровочный облет
    cancelled flight
    аннулированный рейс
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cargo flight
    грузовой рейс
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    certificate of safety for flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certification test flight
    сертификационный испытательный полет
    change to a flight plan
    уточнение плана полета
    charter flight
    чартерный рейс
    chased flight
    полет с сопровождающим
    checkout flight
    контрольный полет
    civil flight
    рейс с гражданского воздушного судна
    climbing flight
    полет с набором высоты
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    closing a flight plan
    закрытие плана полета
    coasting flight
    полет по инерции
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в пределах континента
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commercial flight
    коммерческий рейс
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    computer-directed flight
    автоматический полет
    computer flight planning
    компьютерное планирование полетов
    conflicting flight path
    траектория полета с предпосылкой к конфликтной ситуации
    connecting flight
    стыковочный рейс
    contact flight
    визуальный полет
    contact flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continuous flight
    беспосадочный полет
    continuous flight record
    непрерывная запись хода полета
    contour flight
    бреющий полет
    controlled flight
    контролируемый полет
    conventional flight
    полет с обычным взлетом и посадкой
    crabbing flight
    полет с парированием сноса
    credit flight time
    вести учет полетного времени
    crop control flight
    полет для контроля состояния посевов
    cross-country flight
    перелет через территорию страны
    cross-wind flight
    полет с боковым ветром
    cruising flight
    крейсерский полет
    current flight plan
    текущий план полета
    day flight
    дневной полет
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerating flight
    полет с уменьшением скорости
    delayed flight
    задержанный рейс
    delivery flight
    перегоночный полет
    demonstration flight
    демонстрационный полет
    departure flight level
    эшелон выхода
    descending flight
    полет со снижением
    design flight weight
    расчетная полетная масса
    desired flight path
    рекомендуемая траектория полета
    desired path flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired track flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    digital flight guidance system
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight recorder
    бортовой цифровой регистратор
    directed reference flight
    полет по сигналам с земли
    direct flight
    прямой рейс
    distance flight
    полет на дальность
    diverted flight
    полет с отклонением
    domestic flight
    рейс внутри одной страны
    domestic flight stage
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    downward flight
    полет со снижением
    drift flight
    полет со сносом
    dual flight
    полет с инструктором
    eastbound flight
    полет в восточном направлении
    effect on flight characteristics
    влиять на летные характеристики
    emergency flight
    экстренный рейс
    emergency flight procedures
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    empty flight
    порожний рейс
    endurance flight
    полет на продолжительность
    engine-off flight
    полет с выключенным двигателем
    engine-on flight
    полет с работающим двигателем
    en-route flight
    полет по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight planning
    маршрутное планирование полетов
    entire flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    estimated time of flight
    расчетное время полета
    exercise flight supervision
    осуществлять контроль за ходом полета
    experimental flight
    экспериментальный полет
    extra flight
    дополнительный рейс
    extra section flight
    полет по дополнительному маршруту
    factory test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    familiarization flight
    ознакомительный полет
    fatal flight accident
    авиационное происшествие со смертельным исходом
    ferry flight
    перегоночный полет
    filed flight plan
    зарегистрированный план полета
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first-class flight
    рейс с обслуживанием по первому классу
    flapless flight
    полет с убранными закрылками
    flight acceptance test
    контрольный полет перед приемкой
    flight accident
    авиационное происшествие
    flight altitude
    высота полета
    flight announcement
    объявление о рейсах
    flight assurance
    гарантия полета
    flight baby cot
    детская люлька
    flight book
    летная книжка
    flight briefing
    предполетный инструктаж
    flight calibration
    облет
    flight certificate
    летное свидетельство
    flight characteristics
    летные характеристики
    flight chart
    карта полетов
    flight check
    проверка в полете
    flight checked
    проверено в полете
    flight clearance
    разрешение на полет
    flight compartment
    кабина экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment view
    обзор из кабины экипажа
    flight computer
    бортовой вычислитель
    flight conditions
    полетные условия
    flight control
    диспетчерское управление полетами
    flight control boost system
    бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control fundamentals
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control gust-lock system
    система стопорения поверхностей управления
    (при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control system
    система управления полетом
    flight coordination
    уточнение задания на полет
    flight corrective turn
    доворот для коррекции направления полета
    flight coupon
    полетный купон
    flight coupon stage
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight course
    курс полета
    flight crew
    летный экипаж
    flight crew duty
    обязанности членов экипажа
    flight crew equipment
    снаряжение самолетного экипажа
    flight crew member
    член летного экипажа
    flight crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    flight crews provision
    предоставление летных экипажей
    flight crew supervision
    проверка готовности экипажа к полету
    flight data
    летные данные
    flight data averaging
    осреднение полетных данных
    flight data input
    ввод данных о полете
    flight data link
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data recorder
    регистратор параметров полета
    flight data storage unit
    блок сбора полетной информации
    flight dead reckoning
    счисление пути полета
    flight deck
    панель контроля хода полета
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck environment
    компоновка кабины экипажа
    flight departure
    отправление рейса
    flight deterioration
    ухудшение в полете
    flight direction
    направление полета
    flight director
    пилотажный командный прибор
    flight director computer
    бортовой вычислитель директорного управления
    flight director course indicator
    указатель планового навигационного прибора
    flight director indicator
    указатель пилотажного командного прибора
    flight director system
    система командных пилотажных приборов
    flight director system control panel
    пульт управления системой директорного управления
    flight discrepancy
    несоответствие плану полета
    flight dispatcher
    диспетчер воздушного движения
    flight distance
    дистанция полета
    flight distance-to-go
    дальность полета до пункта назначения
    flight diversion
    изменение маршрута полета
    flight documentation
    полетная документация
    flight documenting
    подготовка полетной документации
    flight duration
    продолжительность полета
    flight duty period
    1. ограничение времени полета
    2. полетное рабочее время flight emergency circumstance
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight endurance
    продолжительность полета
    flight engineer
    бортинженер
    flight engineer's seat
    кресло бортинженера
    flight engineer station
    рабочее место бортинженера
    flight envelope
    диапазон режимов полета
    flight environment data
    данные об условиях полета
    flight environment data system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    (условий полета) flight evaluation
    оценка профессиональных качеств пилота
    flight evasive aquisition
    маневр уклонения
    flight examination
    экзамен по летной подготовке
    flight experience
    налет
    flight fitness
    годность к полетам
    flight following
    слежение за вылетом
    flight forecast
    прогноз на вылет
    flight gyroscope
    гирополукомпас
    flight history
    отчет о полете
    flight hour
    летный час
    flight idle
    режим полетного малого газа
    flight idle power
    мощность на режиме полетного малого газа
    flight idle speed
    скорость полета на малом газе
    flight idle stop
    упор полетного малого газа
    (для предупреждения перевода на отрицательную тягу винта) flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight indicator
    авиагоризонт
    flight information
    1. полетная информация
    2. стирать запись полетной информации flight information board
    доска информации о рейсах
    flight information center
    центр полетной информации
    flight information display
    табло информации о рейсах
    flight information region
    район полетной информации
    flight information service
    служба полетной информации
    flight information service unit
    аэродромный диспетчерский пункт полетной информации
    flight inspection personnel
    летная инспекция
    flight inspection system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight inspector
    пилот - инспектор
    flight instruction
    летная подготовка
    flight instructor
    пилот - инструктор
    flight instrument reading
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight lane
    маршрут полета
    flight level
    эшелон полета
    flight level table
    таблица эшелонов полета
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load feel mechanism
    полетный загрузочный механизм
    flight loading conditions
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight logbook
    бортовой журнал
    flight longitude
    географическая долгота точки маршрута
    flight management
    управление полетом
    flight management computer system
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management system
    система управления полетом
    flight map
    карта полетов
    flight mode
    режим полета
    flight monitoring
    1. дистанционное управление воздушным судном
    2. контроль за полетом flight navigation
    аэронавигация
    flight navigator
    штурман
    flight occurrence identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight on heading
    полет по курсу
    flight operating safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight operation
    выполнение полетов
    flight operations expert
    эксперт по производству налетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations personnel
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight operator
    летчик
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight path
    траектория полета
    flight path angle
    угол наклона траектории полета
    flight path curvature
    кривизна траектории полета
    flight path envelope
    диапазон изменения траектории полета
    flight path segment
    участок траектории полета
    flight path tracking
    выдерживание траектории полета
    flight performance
    летная характеристика
    flight personnel
    летный состав
    flight personnel information
    информация о летном составе
    flight pick-up equipment
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight plan
    план полета
    flight plan clearance
    разрешение на выполнение плана полета
    flight plan filing
    регистрация плана полета
    flight plan form
    бланк плана полета
    flight planner
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planning
    планирование полетов
    flight plan submission deadline
    срок представления плана на полет
    flight precise information
    точная полетная информация
    flight preparation
    предполетная подготовка
    flight preparation form
    анкета предполетной подготовки
    flight procedure
    схема полета
    flight procedures trainer
    тренажер для отработки техники пилотирования
    flight progress board
    планшет хода полета
    flight progress display
    индикатор хода полета
    flight progress information
    информация о ходе полета
    flight progress strip
    полетный лист
    flight range
    дальность полета
    flight range with no reserves
    дальность полета до полного израсходования топлива
    flight reasonable precautions
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight recorder
    бортовой регистратор
    flight recorder record
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder recording
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder system
    система бортовых регистраторов
    flight recording medium
    носитель полетной информации
    flight recovery
    восстановление заданного положения
    flight regularity communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regulation
    организация полетов
    flight replanning
    изменение плана полета
    flight report
    донесение о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight request
    заявка на полет
    flight restart
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart button
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight resumption
    возобновление полетов
    flight review
    летная проверка
    flight route
    маршрут полета
    flight routing
    прокладка маршрута полета
    flight rules
    правила полетов
    flight safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight safety hazard
    угроза безопасности полетов
    flight safety precautions
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight schedule
    график полета
    flight service
    служба обеспечения полетов
    flight service kit
    бортовой набор инструмента
    flight service range
    эксплуатационная дальность полета
    flight service station
    станция службы обеспечения полетов
    flight significant information
    основная полетная информация
    flight simulation
    моделирование условий полета
    flight simulation system
    система имитации полета
    flight simulator
    имитатор условий полета
    flight speed
    скорость полета
    flight spoiler
    интерцептор - элерон
    flight stage
    этап полета
    flight standards
    летные нормы
    flight status
    литер рейса
    (определяет степень важности полета) flight stress measurement tests
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight strip
    ВПП
    flight supervision
    контроль за ходом полета
    flight technique
    техника пилотирования
    flight test
    летное испытание
    flight test noise measurement
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test procedure
    методика летных испытаний
    flight test recorder
    регистратор летных испытаний
    flight test technique
    методика летных испытаний
    flight thrust
    тяга в полете
    flight time
    полетное время
    flight time limitation
    ограничение полетного времени
    flight timetable
    расписание полетов
    flight track
    линия пути полета
    flight training
    летная подготовка
    flight training deficiency
    недостаток летной подготовки
    flight training procedure
    методика летной подготовки
    flight type
    тип полета
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight urgency signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual cue
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight watch
    контроль полета
    flight weather briefing
    предполетный инструктаж по метеообстановке
    flight wind shear
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    formation flight
    полет в строю
    free flight
    свободный полет
    full-scale flight
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-throttle flight
    полет на полном газе
    given conditions of flight
    заданные условия полета
    gliding flight
    планирующий полет
    go-around flight manoeuvre
    уход на второй круг
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    grid flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    hazardous flight conditions
    опасные условия полета
    head-down flight
    полет по приборам
    head-up flight
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-wind flight
    полет со встречным ветром
    hidden flight hazard
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    high-speed flight
    скоростной полет
    hing-altitude flight
    высотный полет
    holding flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    horizontal flight
    горизонтальный полет
    horizontal flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    hover flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hypersonic flight
    гиперзвуковой полет
    idle flight
    полет на малом газе
    inaugural flight
    полет, открывающий воздушное сообщение
    inclusive flight
    туристический рейс типа инклюзив тур
    incontrollable flight
    неуправляемый полет
    in flight
    в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight bump
    воздушная яма на пути полета
    instructional check flight
    учебный проверочный полет
    instructional dual flight
    учебный полет с инструктором
    instructional solo flight
    учебный самостоятельный полет
    instrument flight
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules operation
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    intended flight
    планируемый полет
    intended flight path
    предполагаемая траектория полета
    intermediate flight stop
    промежуточная посадка
    international flight
    международный рейс
    international flight stage
    этап полета над другим государством
    introductory flight
    вывозной полет
    inward flight
    вход в зону аэродрома
    jeopardize flight safety
    угрожать безопасности полетов
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    jettisoned load in flight
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral flight path
    траектория бокового пролета
    level flight
    горизонтальный полет
    level flight noise requirements
    нормы шума при полетах на эшелоне
    level flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    level flight time
    время горизонтального полета
    limit flight time
    ограничивать полетное время
    line of flight
    линия полета
    line oriental flight training
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    local flight
    аэродромный полет
    long-distance flight
    магистральный полет
    low altitude flight planning chart
    карта планирования полетов на малых высотах
    lower flight level
    нижний эшелон полета
    low flight
    полет на малых высотах
    low-level flight
    бреющий полет
    low-speed flight
    полет на малой скорости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    maiden flight
    первый полет
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    man-directed flight
    управляемый полет
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mechanical flight release latch
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    meteorological reconnaissance flight
    полет для разведки метеорологической обстановки
    mid-course flight
    полет на среднем участке маршрута
    minimum flight path
    траектория полета наименьшей продолжительности
    misinterpreted flight instructions
    команды, неправильно понятые экипажем
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    mode of flight
    режим полета
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    multistage flight
    многоэтапный полет
    night flight
    ночной полет
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noiseless flight
    малошумный полет
    nonrevenue flight
    некоммерческий рейс
    nonscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    nonstop flight
    беспосадочный полет
    nontraffic flight
    служебный рейс
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    odd flight level
    свободный эшелон полета
    off-airway flight
    полет вне установленного маршрута
    one-stop flight
    полет с промежуточной остановкой
    one-way flight
    полет в одном направлении
    on-type flight experience
    общий налет на определенном типе воздушного судна
    operational flight information service
    оперативное полетно-информационное обслуживание
    operational flight plan
    действующий план полета
    operational flight planning
    оперативное планирование полетов
    operational flight procedures
    эксплуатационные приемы пилотирования
    orientation flight
    полет для ознакомления с местностью
    out-and-return flight
    полет туда - обратно
    out-of-trim flight
    несбалансированный полет
    outward flight
    уход из зоны аэродрома
    overland flight
    трансконтинентальный полет
    oversold flight
    перебронированный рейс
    overwater flight
    полет над водным пространством
    overweather flight
    полет над облаками
    performance flight
    полет для проверки летных характеристик
    pleasure flight
    прогулочный полет
    point-to-point flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    portion of a flight
    отрезок полета
    positioning flight
    полет с целью перебазирования
    powered flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    power-off flight
    полет с выключенными двигателями
    power-on flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    practice flight
    тренировочный полет
    prearranged flight
    запланированный полет
    prescribed flight duty
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight track
    предписанный маршрут полета
    preset flight level
    заданный эшелон полета
    private flight
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    production test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    profit-making flight
    прибыльный рейс
    provisional flight forecast
    ориентировочный прогноз на полет
    radio navigation flight
    полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    rearward flight
    полет хвостом вперед
    receive flight instruction
    получать задания на полет
    reference flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight procedure
    исходная схема полета
    reference flight speed
    расчетная скорость полета
    refuel in flight
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuelling flight
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    regular flight
    полет по расписанию
    relief flight
    рейс для оказания помощи
    repetitive flight plan
    план повторяющихся полетов
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    reportable flight coupon
    отчетный полетный купон
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    return flight
    обратный рейс
    revenue earning flight
    коммерческий рейс
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по локсодромии
    rotorcraft flight structure
    несущая система вертолета
    round-trip flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    routine flight
    ежедневный рейс
    sailing flight
    парящий полет
    scheduled flight
    полет по расписанию
    sector flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    shakedown flight
    испытательный полет
    short-haul flight
    полет на короткое расстояние
    shuttle flights
    челночные полеты
    sideward flight speed
    скорость бокового движения
    (вертолета) sight-seeing flight
    прогулочный полет с осмотром достопримечательностей
    simulated flight
    имитируемый полет
    simulated flight test
    испытание путем имитации полета
    simulated instrument flight
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    single-engined flight
    полет на одном двигателе
    single-heading flight
    полет с постоянным курсом
    soaring flight
    парящий полет
    solo flight
    самостоятельный полет
    special event flight
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    stabilized flight
    установившийся полет
    staggered flight level
    смещенный эшелон полета
    stall flight
    полет на критическом угле атаки
    standoff flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    stationary flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight speed
    скорость установившегося полета
    still-air flight
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    stored flight plan
    резервный план полета
    straight flight
    прямолинейный полет
    submission of a flight plan
    представление плана полета
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    subsonic flight
    дозвуковой полет
    supernumerary flight crew
    дополнительный летный экипаж
    supersonic flight
    сверхзвуковой полет
    supervised flight
    полет под наблюдением
    supplementary flight plan
    дополнительный план полета
    synthetic flight trainer
    комплексный пилотажный тренажер
    tailwind flight
    полет с попутным ветром
    takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета
    takeoff flight path area
    зона набора высоты при взлете
    taxi-class flight
    рейс аэротакси
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test flight
    испытательный полет
    test in flight
    испытывать в полете
    theory of flight
    теория полета
    through flight
    сквозной полет
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    total flight experience
    общий налет
    traffic by flight stage
    поэтапные воздушные перевозки
    training dual flight
    тренировочный полет с инструктором
    training flight
    тренировочный полет
    training flight engineer
    бортинженер - инструктор
    training solo flight
    тренировочный самостоятельный полет
    transfer flight
    рейс с пересадкой
    transient flight
    неустановившийся полет
    transient flight path
    траектория неустановившегося полета
    transit flight
    транзитный рейс
    trial flight
    испытательный полет
    turbulent flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    turnround flight
    полет туда-обратно
    unaccelerated flight
    установившийся полет
    uncontrolled flight
    неконтролируемый полет
    under flight test
    испытываемый в полете
    undergo flight tests
    проводить летные испытания
    unofficial flight information
    неофициальная информация о полете
    unscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    unsteady flight
    неустановившийся полет
    upper flight information region
    верхний район полетной информации
    upper flight level
    верхний эшелон полета
    upper flight region
    район полетов верхнего воздушного пространства
    usable flight level
    рабочий эшелон полета
    vectored flight
    управляемый полет
    visual contact flight
    полет с визуальной ориентировкой
    visual flight
    визуальный полет
    visual flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    VOR course flight
    полет по маякам ВОР
    while in flight
    в процессе полета
    wings-level flight
    полет без крена
    with rated power flight
    полет на номинальном расчетном режиме

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > flight

  • 15 named pipe

    "A portion of memory that can be used by one process to pass information to another process, so that the output of one is the input of the other. The second process can be local (on the same computer as the first) or remote (on a networked computer)."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > named pipe

  • 16 relative ID

    The portion of a security identifier (SID) that identifies a user or group in relation to the authority that issued the SID. The authority is usually either the local computer or a domain.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > relative ID

  • 17 RID

    The portion of a security identifier (SID) that identifies a user or group in relation to the authority that issued the SID. The authority is usually either the local computer or a domain.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > RID

  • 18 re-fill

    1. повторное заполнение

     

    повторное заполнение
    Продажа билетов на уже начавшееся соревнование или церемонию по низкой цене для заполнения места в случае, если зритель покинул место и объект и не собирается возвращаться. Такая возможность должна рассматриваться отдельно для каждого вида спорта и соревнования при условии соответствия местным законам и постановлениям.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    re-fill
    Sales at a modest price of a second portion / partial session ticket to replace persons who have left their seats and the venue, and will not re-enter. This should be considered on a sport by sport, and session by session basis, and is also subject to local laws and regulations.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > re-fill

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  • Local attraction — Local Lo cal (l[=o] kal), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See {Lieu}, {Locus}.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Local battery — Local Lo cal (l[=o] kal), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See {Lieu}, {Locus}.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Local circuit — Local Lo cal (l[=o] kal), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See {Lieu}, {Locus}.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

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